By Daily Mail (U.S.) | Created at 2026-06-15 12:27:06 | Updated at 2026-06-16 05:27:16
17 hours ago
As scientists warn that the coming Super El Niño could be the worst in recorded history, one group of researchers has proposed a drastic solution.
Scientists say that dimming the sun could shield up to 75 per cent of the world's oceans from sweltering heatwaves.
In turn, that could help prevent the buildup of hot water in the Equatorial Pacific, which is 'fuelling' the most extreme El Niño cycle in 140 years.
The controversial method, known as stratospheric aerosol injection, involves pumping vast clouds of tiny sulphur–based particles into the air.
These aerosol particles hang in the upper atmosphere for years, reflecting some of the sun's energy back out into space.
According to computer simulations, this could keep global warming within safe levels and dramatically cut the severity and length of marine heatwaves.
However, this extreme geoengineering technique is highly controversial, and even the researchers aren't sure what the consequences would be.
Co–author Professor Phoebe Zarnetske, of Michigan State University, warns: 'There's very little known about the ecological impacts.'
Scientists have proposed that solar geoengineering could be used to dim the sun in order to prevent marine heatwaves (pictured), including those that could intensify the El Niño cycle
To prevent marine heatwaves from forming, researchers have proposed using Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) to curb Earth's warming.
In their study, the researchers simulated what would happen to the world's oceans in a 'business as usual' scenario and compared it to a situation in which geoengineering is used.
If nothing is done and the world continues on its current path, marine heatwaves will get hotter and longer in 97 per cent of the world's oceans.
But if SAI is used to cap global warming at 1.5°C (2.7°F) above the pre–industrial average, about a quarter of the ocean will be shielded from worsening heat waves.
In a more aggressive scenario, in which climate change is held back to 1°C (1.8°F), heatwaves will be cooler in 76 per cent of the ocean and shorter in 80 per cent of locations.
The regions that benefited the most in the simulations were the tropical Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the South Atlantic Ocean.
However, the researchers warn that the benefits are not evenly distributed, and some key areas would still be left unprotected.
Even in the most aggressive geoengineering scenario, the North Atlantic, Tropical Pacific, and parts of the Southern Ocean will still see worsening heatwaves if emissions don't fall.
In a business–as–usual scenario (left), heatwaves will get worse and longer in 96 per cent of the oceans. In the 1.5°C (middle) and 1°C (right) geoengineering scenarios, heatwaves are shorter and less intense in up to 75 per cent of the ocean
The latest weather models show that the coming El Niño event is likely to be the strongest ever recorded. Now, scientists warn that this could have been fuelled by marine heatwaves
How will a Super El Niño impact global temperatures?
According to the WMO, we can expect above-normal temperatures in 'nearly all parts of the globe'.
The strongest heat signals are forecast across southern and western North America, Central America, the Caribbean, Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia.
In the Southern Hemisphere, Northern South America is likely to see the strongest warming, while Southern Africa is forecast to experience widespread above-normal temperatures.
In Australia, warmer conditions are mainly expected along the western, southern, and eastern coasts, with no clear trend in the north.
Tropical regions are also forecast to be hotter than normal, especially Equatorial Africa and parts of Southeast Asia and the Maritime Continent.
These are, unfortunately, some of the key areas in which El Niño weather patterns can be influenced by and drive marine heatwaves.
Lead author Dr Lala Kounta, of Michigan State University, says: 'The geography of protection is deeply unequal.'
El Niño is part of a naturally occurring weather cycle called the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which shifts between hot and cool phases every two to seven years.
During the El Niño part of the cycle, warm waters that build up in the Pacific spread out and raise the Earth's average surface temperature.
While the cycle itself is natural, scientists have warned that a massive ocean heatwave in the Pacific is driving unusually high intensity.
This heatwave spans 9,000 miles (14,500 km) and has been forming in the Pacific since the end of 2025.
At the same time, there is another marine heatwave stretching from Papua New Guinea to the Californian coast, where temperatures have been up to 3°C (5.4°F) above average.
Dr Mariana Bernardi Bif and Dr Franz Philip Tuchen, of the University of Miami, warned in an article for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: 'As ocean waters warm in the North Pacific with the marine heatwave, the reduction of the winds can also impact the equator, meaning that extreme events might be helping initiate the conditions necessary for an El Niño.
A geoengineering technique called Stratospheric Aerosol Injection could be used to cap global warming at 1°C (1.8°F) or 1.5 (2.7°F), which would dramatically cut the sea temperature and heatwave risk
'And because the equatorial warming affects the North Pacific, the unprecedented 2026 El Niño might amplify the duration of the North Pacific marine heatwave, with serious consequences for people, wildlife, and Earth’s climate.'
While the new study suggests dimming the sun could help to prevent another Super El Niño in the future, the researchers caution that the key remains curbing global emissions.
Professor Zarnetske added: 'It's not a substitute for reducing emissions; reducing emissions is still the priority and is the most effective action to mitigate climate change.'
What's more, previous studies have raised concerns about the side effects of dimming the sun.
A study conducted by Columbia Climate School found that Stratospheric Aerosol Injection could wreak havoc on global weather patterns.
If the aerosols were released in the polar regions, they would likely disrupt tropical monsoon systems, which could have an effect on sea levels, they found.
Meanwhile, releases concentrated in equatorial regions could affect the jet stream and disrupt atmospheric circulation patterns that conduct heat towards Earth's poles.
Dr Ying Chen, an expert on cloud brightening from the University of Birmingham who was not involved with the study, previously told the Daily Mail: 'Change the solar radiation heating at one place, may lead to change of atmospheric pattern in other places.'
WHAT IS THE EL NINO PHENOMENON IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN?
El Niño and La Niña are the warm and cool phases (respectively) of a recurring climate phenomenon across the tropical Pacific - the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or 'ENSO' for short.
The pattern can shift back and forth irregularly every two to seven years, and each phase triggers predictable disruptions of temperature, winds and precipitation.
These changes disrupt air movement and affect global climate.
ENSO has three phases it can be:
- El Niño: A warming of the ocean surface, or above-average sea surface temperatures (SST), in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Over Indonesia, rainfall becomes reduced while rainfall increases over the tropical Pacific Ocean. The low-level surface winds, which normally blow from east to west along the equator, instead weaken or, in some cases, start blowing the other direction from west to east.
- La Niña: A cooling of the ocean surface, or below-average sea surface temperatures (SST), in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Over Indonesia, rainfall tends to increase while rainfall decreases over the central tropical Pacific Ocean. The normal easterly winds along the equator become even stronger.
- Neutral: Neither El Niño or La Niña. Often tropical Pacific SSTs are generally close to average.
Source: Climate.gov
