What do two Polish actors, a small village best known for its oranges and a Netflix series have in common? They are all symptoms of Argentina's ‘Ponzidemia’ – a plague of pyramid schemes sweeping the crisis-hit nation that has cost thousands of people their savings.
Nearly 30 percent of the population of San Pedro, a town of 70,000 people situated about 170 kilometres (106 miles) north of Buenos Aires, fell for an investment app peddled by two actors posing as businessmen that promised up to two-percent daily returns paid in cryptocurrency.
"I trusted it, as did some in my family," Carlos Rodríguez, a 66-year-resident, told the Cadena 3 radio station, adding that the RainbowEx app showed him earning US$80 to US$100 a day, nearly doubling his income.
But the dream of easy money in a country battling a severe recession and three-digit inflation soon turned to dust.
Rodríguez lost nearly all his savings.
He is one of between 15,000 and 20,000 people in San Pedro who invested in the platform, the town's mayor Cecilio Salazar told the Radio 10 station.
Thousands of victims
"We're looking at a US$49-million scam," lawyer Adolfo Suarez Erdaire, who represents around a hundred alleged victims, told AFP, adding that he had "calls coming in from all over the country."
Argentina’s Judiciary has launched an investigation into the pyramid scheme. Two Argentine nationals have been arrested in connection with the case.
A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent scheme where new investors' money is used to pay off old investors until the flow of new money dries up and the enterprise collapses.
Similar suspected scams were also reported recently in Esquel (Chubut Province), and San Juan Province, Casilda in Santa Fe Province, and Córdoba, all involving another platform, Peak Capital, which closed on October 18.
"There are thousands of victims," the Chubut prosecutor's office said, adding that the amounts swindled ran into the millions of dollars.
"There is an epidemic," Maximiliano Firtman, an IT expert, who investigated RainbowEx, told AFP.
'La China'
Firtman followed the platform's trail to a luxury hotel in Buenos Aires, where two men presenting themselves as US executives gave a talk last month to potential investors.
The businessmen were in fact Polish actors who were hired by an agency to play the part of slick money men. The scandal made headlines around the country.
RainbowEx, which claims to be based in Singapore, halted its operations in Argentina two weeks ago and demanded US$88 from users to be able to withdraw their funds.
Many paid the money but did not recoup their investment.
The revelations come as Argentina's economy sinks deeper into recession after months of tough austerity measures prescribed by libertarian President Javier Milei to tame one of the world's highest inflation rates and erase a deep budget deficit.
More than half of the population of Latin America's second-biggest economy now lives below the poverty line.
Teen millionaire
The scams are "taking advantage of the crisis," said Firtman. “People are in need and many don't understand cryptocurrencies.”
He added that young people, who are disproportionately affected by poverty – 60.7 percent of Argentines aged 15-29 are officially considered poor – were driving what he called a "Ponzidemia."
"There are 19-year-olds who are teaching 16-year-olds how to become a millionaire in three months" through investment platforms, he said.
“There is an epidemic not just because this one fell – three or four fell at the same time,” said Firtman.
Sociologist Ezequiel Gatto linked the youth speculation craze to gaming.
"There's been a gamification of money," he told the Pagina/12 newspaper, noting that the interfaces of some investment apps resembled those of video games.
“We live in societies where all the time there are increases in uncertainty. And certain people who create these pyramid scam applications manipulate that uncertainty to make some profit with financial capital,” added Gatto.
Difference forms
The scams come in different forms.
On Wednesday, a deepfake of Argentine football star Lionel Messi promoting a scheme to turn US$75 into US$2,000 in a week began circulating on social media.
"You don't need to be an economy expert or markets connoisseur," the fake Messi says, inviting potential investors to join a Telegram group.
The most notorious alleged scam was started by self-styled Argentine financial guru Leonardo Cositorto, who convinced thousands of people across Latin America and Spain to invest in everything from cryptocurrency to hamburger restaurants and car dealerships.
Investigators claim that Cositorto, who promised returns of 7.5 percent per month in dollars via his Generación Zoe holding company and inspired a Netflix documentary, led a giant pyramid scheme, which he denies.
He is currently on trial for fraud.
In 2021, then-national Javier Milei, who now serves as President, promoted the CoinX platform, which offered profits of eight percent per month in dollars on his social media accounts.
The platform is now under investigation for alleged fraud.
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by Tomás Viola, AFP
